Direct Analysis of Urinary Opioids and Metabolites by Mixed-Mode μElution SPE Combined with UPLC/MS/MS for Forensic Toxicology
نویسندگان
چکیده
■ ■ Reduced matrix effects IN T RO DU C T IO N The analysis of natural and synthetic opioid drugs continues to be an important aspect of forensic toxicology. In the past, analyses were typically conducted by GC/MS after first subjecting the samples to acid or enzymatic hydrolysis to liberate glucuronide metabolites. With the advent of LC/MS/MS techniques, glucuronide metabolites can now be analyzed directly. Direct analyses of glucuronide metabolites can eliminate the risk of false negatives due to incomplete hydrolysis, as enzymatic efficiency can vary greatly depending upon the enzyme used and the drug substrate analyzed.
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